Ventricular System of the Brain

The ventricular system is a series of connecting hollow spaces called ventricles in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular system consists of two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The cerebral ventricles are connected by small pores called foramina, as well as by larger channels. The interventricular foramina or foramina of Monro connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by a canal called the Aqueduct of Sylvius or cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle extends to become the central canal, which is also filled with cerebrospinal fluid and encases the spinal cord. Cerebral ventricles provide a pathway for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central nervous system. This essential fluid protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma and provides nutrients for central nervous system structures. Lateral Ventricles The lateral ventricles consist of a left and right ventricle, with one ventricle positioned in each hemisphere of the cerebrum. They are the largest of the ventricles and have extensions that resemble horns. The lateral ventricles extend through all four cerebral cortex lobes, with the central area of each ventricle being located in the parietal lobes. Each lateral ventricle is connected to the third ventricle by channels called interventricular foramina. Third Ventricle The third ventricle is located in the middle of the diencephalon, between the left and right thalamus. Part of the choroid plexus known as the tela chorioidea sits above the third ventricle. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. Interventricular foramina channels between the lateral and third ventricles allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, which extends through the midbrain. Fourth Ventricle The fourth ventricle is located in the brainstem, posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. The fourth ventricle is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord. This ventricle also connects with the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid matter and the pia mater of the meninges. The meninges  is a layered membrane that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord. The meninges consists of an outer layer (dura mater), a middle layer (arachnoid mater) and an inner layer (pia mater). Connections of the fourth ventricle with the central canal and subarachnoid space allow cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear aqueous substance that is produce by the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus is a network of capillaries and specialized epithelial tissue called ependyma. It is found in the pia mater membrane of the meninges. Ciliated ependyma lines the cerebral ventricles and central canal. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced as ependymal cells filter fluid from the blood. In addition to producing cerebrospinal fluid, the choroid plexus (along with the arachnoid membrane) acts as a barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. This blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood. The choroid plexus continually produces cerebrospinal fluid, which is ultimately reabsorbed into the venous system by membrane projections from the arachnoid mater that extend from the subarachnoid space into the dura mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced and reabsorbed at nearly the same rate to prevent pressure within the ventricular system from getting too high. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the cavities of the cerebral ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space. The flow of cerebrospinal fluid goes from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina. From the third ventricle, the fluid flows to the fourth ventricle by way of the cerebral aqueduct. The fluid then flows from the fourth ventricle to the central canal and the subarachnoid space. The movement of cerebrospinal fluid is a result of hydrostatic pressure, cilia movement in ependymal cells, and artery pulsations. Ventricular System Diseases Hydrocephalus and ventriculitis are two conditions that prevent the ventricular system from functioning normally. Hydrocephalus results from the excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. The excess fluid causes the ventricles to widen. This fluid accumulation puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the ventricles if the ventricles become blocked or if connecting passages, such as the cerebral aqueduct, become narrow. Ventriculitis is inflammation of the brain ventricles that typically results from an infection. The infection can be caused by a number of different bacteria and viruses. Ventriculitis is most commonly seen in individuals who have had invasive brain surgery. Sources: Purves, Dale. â€Å"The Ventricular System.† Neuroscience. 2nd edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11083/.The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. â€Å"Cerebrospinal fluid.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, inc., 17 Nov. 2017, www.britannica.com/science/cerebrospinal-fluid.

The Growth Of Retail And Hospitality Industries Essay

Within the social sciences of production and consumption the concepts of macroeconomics and microeconomics help to analyse the broadness of our vast economic system. This research essay will critically review an article published in The Australian â€Å"Retail spending rose 0.3pc in January, less than expected†. The author of the article, Dow Jones compares the forecasted growth of retail and hospitality industries. Aspects of consumer sovereignty and market demand explain trends in the post-holiday period of January which Jones raises concern to be enforcing the downward trend of Australia’s economic system. To begin with the article discusses the industry of retail, in particularly the month of January is used as a basis. Economists estimated that retail spending would rise 0.4 percent, however it only rose 0.3 percent (ref). This notion of not reaching the predicted market forecast, has heightened Australian’s concern with the country’s economic growth. 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Social Media Marketing Effective Instrument -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Importance Of Social Media Platforms For Business In This Dynamic Business Environment? What Are The Positive And Negative Aspects Attached To The Application Of Social Media Platforms For Business? What Are Factors Which Helps Business In Taking A Decision Regarding The Use Of Social Media For Business? How Is Social Media Strategy Being Used By The Organizations For Enhancing The Performance Of The Business? Answers: Introduction In the words of Shafigullina Palyakin (2016), business environment is changing and use of social media platforms is one of those changes. There are various factors which are responsible for the increasing utilization of social media by the business. The efficiency of the organizations has increased with the utilization of social media as an approach to enhancing the increase in the customer management and grabbing the opportunities available in the business environment. Competition in the business environment is increasing and with this increasing competition, utilization of social media has increased (Okazaki Taylor, 2013). A substantial platform is provided to the business with the utilization of social media which has helped in the expansion of the operations of the business. Social media platforms are being used as a competitive and marketing strategy for operating in the business environment in an effective manner. Different factors have been considered while making a decision regarding the use of social media platforms. Motivational factors which support the decision of using social media platforms include enhanced communication process, two-way interaction, collection of feedbacks in a better manner, conducting market research and large coverage area (Shafigullina Palyakin, 2016). Factors which negatively affect the decision of using social media platforms include a negative image of the business, security threat, hidden cost and time-consuming approach. Discussion in this research program will be made regarding the concept of social media platforms and benefits and limitations of the social media platforms. Data regarding these aspects attached to the research program will be assembled with the use of different methods. These methods will be covered in this research program. Project Objective Objectives are framed for guiding the research program in the right direction. This is done with a motive to prepare a base which will help in the assembling of the quality and required data. This research program has been initiated on the selected topic so as to contribute to the knowledge of the social media platforms and its use for business. The objective of this research program is to analyse and evaluate the role of social media, challenges attached to the utilization of social media platforms and benefits attached to the use of social media for business. The secondary objective of the research program is to develop knowledge of the manner in which social media is used as a strategy for enhancing the performance of the business. Project Scope The scope of this research program is wide as different aspects related to the research topic have been covered in this research project. The discussion will be made regarding the impact of social media platforms for enhancing the growth opportunities of the business. For enhancing the understanding level of the different aspects, examples of the different companies have been considered. The discussion has been made regarding the utilization of social media as a strategy for the business. Literature Review Social media has been considered as an online platform which helps in enhancing the communication process between the different parties. Businesses have utilized social media platforms as a strategy for reaching their customers and exchanging the information with the customers and potential customers for attracting them. With the enhancement in the number of users of social media platforms, an upward sloping trend has been identified in the companies utilizating social media as a marketing tool (Fisher, 2017). The business model of organizations has included social media as an essential part. Organizations operating at different levels have started using social media platforms for growth opportunities. For the expansion of the area of operations, social media platforms are being used by the businesses. Manhattan Mocha is operating at a small level and utilizating social media platforms as a marketing and competitive strategy (Wankel, 2016). Numerous benefits are associated with the application of social media in business. These advantages include effective marketing tool, customer insights, conducting market research, better and enhanced communication channel and gaining information regarding the experience gained by the customers (Slovensky Ross, 2012). On the other hand, few disadvantages have been analyzed with the application of social media. These disadvantages have affected the decision of the business for the utilization of social media. These disadvantages include vulnerability to cyber-attacks, time-consuming process, increased efforts, inside risk and negative feedbacks (Grysh?henko Niesheva, 2013). Application of social media platforms for the business has increased due to various reasons. This research has been initiated on the chosen topic so as to develop knowledge of the importance of social media platforms for the business. These research questions formulated in the research will help in gathering relevant data for the topic. Research questions for the program are as under: Research Design and Methodology It is vital to assemble data for the execution of the research in a successful manner. For the purpose of meeting this objective, analysis has been done of the various methods or approaches available for the process of data collection. Selection of these approaches have been done on the basis of the requirement of the research program. There has been a rise in the utilization of social media platforms due to various reasons. Data has to be assembled for grasping the knowledge of concept of social media platforms, its importance, advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilization of social media platforms for business. Data will be assembled with the employment of different methods of data collection. These methods or approaches are discussed below: Research Design: different designs or methods are available for the research. These can be used by the researcher for the assembling of the data. Qualitative method has been taken into consideration for the assembling of the data for this research program. This method helps in producing generalizable results. The focus of this research method is on developing knowledge of the different aspects related to the research program in a better manner (Toloie-Eshlaghy, et. al., 2011). Impact of the aspects of the research program can be easily measured with the help of qualitative research method (Williams, 2007). The selection has been done of this research method so as to gain a better insight of the concept of social media and advantages and disadvantages of social media for the business. Research approach: qualitative research approach has been adopted for this research program. Qualitative research approach has been chosen for the purpose of investigating the meanings, interpreting the symbols, processes and relations of the social life. The focus of this approach is on the routine life and experiences of the people. There are different methods available which can be used for the assembling of the data with the use of qualitative research approach. These methods include oral history, direct observation, focus group, open-ended surveys, in-depth interviews, participant observation and content analysis (Rhodes, 2014). In-depth understanding of the concept will be developed with the use of qualitative research approach (Hogan, et. al., 2009). It is an easy and flexible approach for the accumulation of the data from different sources (Kumar, 2011). In-depth understanding of the concept of social media platforms and its use for business will be developed by adopting qual itative research approach. Data collection: data will be accumulated by using primary and secondary sources. Primary data gets collected by the researcher on its own directly from the respondents for a specific purpose. Data will be assembled with the primary source regarding the specific aspects of the research (Lowry, 2015). Quality of the data may get affected due to the judgment of the individual. Data collection process can take place with the help of questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations and case studies (Miller Cameron, 2011). The questionnaire will be prepared and distributed to the employees of the organizations using social media platforms for the marketing of the products or services (Driscoll, 2011). Secondary data can be explained as the second-hand data which has been accumulated by someone else for their purpose (Peersman, 2010). Secondary sources reduce the burden of the researcher for assembling of the data and are less expensive in comparison to primary sources. Secondary so urces of data are already published in journals, magazines, online websites, books and newspapers (Dijk, 2012). Sampling method: there are various sampling methods available which can be adopted for the selection of the samples from the total population. The selection has been done of an effective method for the choosing samples. This selected technique is random sampling technique. Random sampling technique is an approach which helps in the selection of the samples from the total population in a fair manner (Ibrahim Al-Omari, 2014). Random sampling technique ensures that every sample has gained the equal opportunity for getting selected for the analysis process (Alvi, 2016). Research strategy: for the purpose of successful completion of the research program, the sequential strategy has been considered. The reason behind considering the sequential strategy is to conduct the operations as per the plan formulated (Smith, 2015). Focus will be on conducting the activities of the research in an order decided so as to ensure the completion of the research properly. Targeted market: for the purpose of assembling the required data, primary and secondary data will be adopted. Targeted market is the group or source from where data will be assembled (Thomas, 2015). Accumulation of the primary data will be done with the preparation and presentation of a questionnaire which will be distributed among the 10 respondents who are working in the organizations using social media platforms. Secondary data will be assembled with the help of internet sources. Timeframe: research is limited to the period in which it is supposed to get completed. For the purpose of completion of the research in a successful manner, there is a need to comply with the plans formulated. Fixed duration has been provided for the completion of the research program. It is vital to complete the research within the period defined in the research program for maintaining the reliability of the research. Ethical considerations: ethical considerations are important for every research. Ethics can be explained as the standards which are being followed and are conducting the operations so as to distinguish between the right and wrong manner (Resnik, 2015). Ethical considerations will make certain that the research is conducted in a fair manner by considering the interest of others. Ethical considerations which have been considered for this research are confidentiality, honesty, unbiasedness and integrity. Research Limitations Research limitations can be defined as the factors which create an impact on the interpretation of the findings of the research program. Limitations are not in the control of the researcher and have the potential to create an impact on the process of the research program. There is a need to mention every limitation which can affect the research program should be mentioned. Limitations are the shortcomings which need to be identified for enhancing the research process. Research limitations identified in this research program are lack of availability of required resources, lack of right to accessing the sources and time boundation. Time Schedule (Research Plan) Sequence Activities Initiation date Duration (days) Completion date I) Selection of the research topic 25 January 2018 1 25 January 2018 II) Constructing outlines of the research program 26 January 2018 3 28 January 2018 III) Execution of the outlines for initiating the research 29 January 2018 6 03 February 2018 IV) Selection of the methods for data collection 04 February 2018 2 05 February 2018 V) Preparation of literature review 06 February 2018 7 12 February 2018 VI) Analysis and evaluation process 13 February 2018 4 16 February 2018 VIII) Conclusion and recommendations 17 February 2018 2 18 February 2018 Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion in the research program, it can be summarized that social media platforms are widely being used by the organizations operating at different levels for the expansion of the customer base and area covered. There has been a rise in the number of users of social media platforms in the last few years. Organizations have utilized social media platforms for targeting the potential customers and offering the products or services in the market. The online platforms are being used as a marketing approach applied for the promotion of the products or services. Companies are using social media platforms with the help of analysis of the different factors acting as advantage and disadvantage. Manhattan Mocha is taking decisions regarding the utilization of social media platforms for the purpose enhancing the performance of the business. Social media platforms have contributed towards the growth and expansion of the business. References Alvi, M., 2016, A Manual for Selecting Sampling Techniques in Research, MPRA. Dijk, J. W. V., 2012, Collecting Quantitative Data in Your Community Healthcare Assessment, NACCHO. Driscoll, D. N., 2011, Introduction to Primary Research: Observations, Surveys, and Interviews, Writing spaces. Fisher, C., 2017, "True Believer," "Legal Advocate," or "Committed Expert": Parliamentary Media Advising and Practitioner Conceptions of Partisanship, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(3), pp.883900. Grysh?henko, O.F. Niesheva, A.D ., 2013, Social media marketing as a tool of enterprises product promotion, Marketing MenedÃ… ¾ment Innovacj, 4(4), pp.8698. Hogan, J., Dolan, P., Donnelly, P., 2009, Introduction: Approaches to Qualitative Research, Dublin Institute of Technology, pp. 1-18. Ibrahim Al-Omari, A., 2014, Estimation of entropy using random sampling, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 261, 1, 95-102. Kumar, R., 2011, Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners, 3rd edn, SAGE, Los Angeles. Lowry, L. D., 2015, Bridging the Business Data Divide: Insights into Primary and Secondary Data Use by Business Researchers, IASSIST Quarterly. Miller, P. J. Cameron, R., 2011,Mixed method research designs: a case study of their adoption in a doctor of business administration program,International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, Vol. 5(3), p. 382-402. Okazaki, S. R. Taylor, C., 2013, Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions, International Marketing Review, 30(1), pp.5671. Peersman, G., Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation, Unicef. Resnik, D. B., 2015, What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important?, NIH. Accessed on: 25 January 2018. Available at: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm Rhodes, J., 2014, On Methods: Whats the difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches?, The Chronicle of Evidence-Based Mentoring. Accessed on: 25 January 2017. Available at: https://chronicle.umbmentoring.org/on-methods-whats-the-difference-between-qualitative-and-quantitative-approaches/ Saida Online, 2012, Top 8 Social Networking Sites Advantages and Disadvantages. Accessed on: 25 January 2018. Available at: https://www.saidaonline.com/en/news.php?go=fullnewsnewsid=37147 Shafigullina, A. Palyakin, R., 2016, Social Media Marketing As An Effective Instrument Of The Promotion Of Social Business-Project In Social Entrepreneurial Activity, Academy Of Marketing Studies Journal, 20, Pp.17. Shafigullina, A.V. Palyakin, R.B., 2016, Social media marketing as an effective instrument of the promotion of social business--project in social entrepreneurial activity, Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 20(1), pp.17. Slovensky, R. Ross, W.H., 2012, Should human resource managers use social media to screen job applicants? Managerial and legal issues in the USA, info, 14(1), pp.5569. Smith, N.L., 2015, Using Action Design Research to Research and Develop Evaluation Practice, New Directions for Evaluation, vol. 2015, no. 148, pp. 57-72. Thomas, J. A., 2015, Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection, Nurse researcher, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 25. Toloie-Eshlaghy, A., Chitsaz, S., Karimian, L. Charkhchi, R., 2011, A Classification of Qualitative Research Methods, Research Gate. Wankel, C., 2016, Developing cross-cultural managerial skills through social media, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(1), pp.116124. Williams, C., 2007, Research Methods, Journal of Business Economic Research, Volume 5, Number 3

All About Famous Memorials and Monuments of the U.S.

All About Famous Memorials and Monuments of the U.S. How do we remember important events? How can we best honor our dead? Should we pay tribute with realistic sculptures of our heroes? Or, will the monument be more meaningful and profound if we choose abstract forms? Sometimes the horror of events are too unreal to accurately represent. The design of a monument or memorial is often more symbolic than an accurate representation. Powerful Memorials in the U.S. National September 11 Memorial, New York, NYU.S.S. Arizona, Honolulu, HIVietnam Veterans Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, and the National WWII Memorial in Washington, D.C.Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MOMount Rushmore National Memorial, SD Often the most powerful memorials - the monuments that stir strong emotion - are surrounded with controversy. The memorials and monuments listed here show various ways architects and designers have chosen to honor heroes, respond to tragedies, or commemorate important events. The memorial is there to provide an experience, Michael Arad has said. That experience, no doubt, involves memory. It is no surprise that the word memorial comes from the Latin word memoria, meaning memory. Architecture is memory. Memorials and monuments tell a story. To Honor and Remember People and Events How many buildings have you lived in? Where did you make your home when you were a child? when you first went to school? first fell in love? Our memories are inextricably tied with place. Events in our lives are permanently entangled with where they happened. Even when all the details may be fuzzy, the sense of place is forever with us. Architecture can be powerful markers of memories, so commanding that we sometimes consciously create memorials to honor and remember people and events. We may make a crude twig cross to commemorate a childhood pet. The carved stone on a family members burial site is built to stand for centuries. Bronze plaques remind a nation of bravery in face of adversity. Concrete tombs can visually present the scope of tragedies. How do we use architecture to express loss and hope for renewal? Does it make sense to spend millions of dollars building September 11 memorials? How we spend our money is an ongoing debate for families, nations, and institutions. The First Monuments and Memorials The earliest creations built by man for purposes other than shelter were spiritual in nature  - monuments to higher powers and memorials to honor the dead. One thinks of the prehistoric Stonehenge in Britain and the Grecian Parthenon built in 432 B.C. for the goddess Athena. The first memorials may have been the great pyramids in Egypt, the tombs of the great kings and pharaohs. Historically, human beings remember events related to war. As tribal conflicts became wars between nation states, the victors have built monuments to their victories. Monuments designed as arches can be traced back to the triumphal arches of Rome, such as the Arch of Titus (A.D. 82) and the  Arch of Constantine (A.D. 315). These Roman arches influenced 19th and 20th century war memorials around the world, including one of the most famous triumphal arches, the 1836 Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France. American War Memorials and Monuments The 1842 Bunker Hill Memorial near Boston, Massachusetts memorializes the American Revolution and the battle that took place on this sacred ground. In the United States, battlegrounds themselves are often considered the memorial. Throughout American history, memorial architecture has been built both locally and nationally. American Civil War: Monuments to Civil War heroes continue to divide the nation. Communities and groups who had erected monuments to Confederate war heroes of the 19th century found these memorials being removed in the 21st century  - remembering a culture of slavery and white supremacy became untolerable to a society struggling with inclusion.  Architecture can stir emotions and controversy. Less controversial is the 1866 Civil War Unknowns Monument, the first Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery. It is a mass grave of over 2,000 soldiers, both Union and Confederate, whose bones and bodies were picked up after gruesome battles. The tomb is inscribed in stone: Beneath this stone repose the bones of two thousand one hundred and eleven unknown soldiers gathered after the war from the fields of Bull Run, and the route to the Rappahanock, their remains could not be identified. But their names and deaths are recorded in the archives of their country, and its grateful citizens honor them as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace! September. A. D. 1866. World War I: A National World War I Memorial called The Weight of Sacrifice officially marks the 100th anniversary of the end of WWI as it is dedicated on November 11, 2018. The memorial design competition was won by the Chicago-based architect Joseph Weishaar and New York City sculptor Sabin Howard. The memorial in Washington, DCs Pershing Park is the first national monument to this war event. The 1926 Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri had been considered a national memorial because of the number of soldiers who passed through the city on their way to war. The District of Columbia War Memorial in Washington, D.C. is considered a local monument. World War II:  Dedicated in 2004, the National World War II Memorial is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Friedrich St.Florian, the Austrian-born architect, won the competition with his highly symbolic design. Down the road from St.Florians memorial is the iconic Iwo Jima Memorial. Near Arlington National Cemetery, the statue replicates a dynamic photograph depicting an important event in WWII Pacific War history. The 1954 statue, however, is really called the United States Marine Corps War Memorial and is dedicated to all Marines who have given their lives in defense of the United States since 1775. Similarly, the nearby 2006 United States Air Force Memorial  and the 1987 United States Navy Memorial honor those military branches. The horrors of WWII may best be depicted at the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a 1962 museum built over the hull of a sunken battleship. Keeping the ruins of war has been a popular way to impress memories of war on future generations. In Hiroshima, Japan the Atomic Bomb Dome, the remains of a building from the 1945 atomic bomb attack, is central to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Korean War: The Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. was dedicated July 27, 1995, decades after the 1953 armistice. Unlike other memorials, the Korean War Veterans Memorial honors the nearly six million Americans who served during the three-year conflict and not just the men and women who gave their lives. Vietnam War: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall - the controversial design by architect Maya Lin - was dedicated in 1982 and remains one of the most visited sites in Washington, D.C. One of its most emotional appeals is the reflective nature of the engraved stone, where a viewers image can literally be reflected while reflecting on the names of the dead and missing. A bronze statue of three soldiers was added in 1964 and the  Vietnam Womens Memorial statue was added in 1993. Terrorism: A new type of war for the United States is undeclared, yet the horror of terrorism is everpresent. Michael Arads vision for a National September 11 Memorial in New York City reflects the absence of what once existed - both buildings and people are to be remembered. In Shanksville, Pennsylvania, a 90-foot wind chime called the Tower of Voices houses 40 tonal tubes that sing together as the voices of the 40 passengers and crew of United Flight 93. September 11 memorials often use symbolism to honor place and people. The Tower of Voices in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Jeff Swensen/Getty Images (cropped) Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The 1921 Tomb of the Unknowns, or the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers, at Arlington National Cemetery is a simple white marble sarcophagus (coffin) that holds powerful symbolic meaning. Like the walls of the 1922 Lincoln Memorial, the Tomb of the Unknowns is constructed with bright white marble from the Yule Quarry in Colorado. Neoclassical pilasters, wreaths representing the major battles of World War I, and Grecian figures symbolizing Peace, Victory, and Valor decorate the marble panels. One panel is inscribed: HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD. Although the Tomb of the Unknowns holds the remains of only a few individuals, the site honors the many unidentified men and women who gave their lives in armed conflict. The Tomb of the Unknowns also underscores Americas commitment to account for all service members who are missing - an idea that gained prominence after the Civil War. Both the Tomb of the Unknowns and the earlier Civil War Unknowns Monument have been the focus of remembrance since the first Decoration Day, now called Memorial Day, when spring flowers are used to decorate the graves of fallen soldiers. Holocaust Memorials Millions of people were killed between 1933 and 1945 in what is known as the Holocaust or Shoah. Remembering the horror of the slaughter is an attempt to never allow its repeat. Two of the best-known memorials are museums by two well-known architects. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany, was designed by Peter Eisenman and the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum in Jerusalem is by Moshe Safdie. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. opened inn 1993 as a living memorial to the Holocaust. In Europe, artist Gunter Demnig has created Stolpersteine or stumbling stones to memorialize the last known addresss of victims. Architect Daniel Libeskind has created a Jewish Museum in Berlin, Germany and the Ohio Holocaust and Liberators Memorial in Columbus, Ohio. For some Holocaust survivors, remembering the horrors has been neither easy nor desireable. The history of the Holocaust Memorial in Miami Beach, Florida has its own story of objection and disapproval - yet the resulting sculpture garden is profound and moving. Monuments and Memorials to Leaders, Groups, and Movements Until the 21st century, United States Presidents have been revered. One thinks of the great heads carved in stone at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Jefferson Memorial, Washington Monument, and Lincoln Memorial are three of the most well-known architecture destinations created for the public in all of Washington, D.C. In 1997, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial was added to the presidential mix in the nations capital. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial by Pritzker Laureate Philip Johnson is located in Dallas, Texas - the site of the presidential assassination. Consensus is never unanimous for which U.S. Presidents deserve to be remembered. Agreement is even less harmonious for other leaders, groups, and movements. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. is a case in point - bickering before and after it was dedicated in 2011. The Civil Right Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama, designed by Maya Lin, was dedicated in 1989 to far less controversy. National memorials and monuments to the plight of disenfranchised Americans  - Native Americans, Black Americans, and LGBT Americans, for example - are few or nonexistant, except for museums. The design of monuments is often modelled after historic architecture of the past. For example, the iconic 1892 Washington Square Arch in New York Citys Greenwich Village looks strikingly similar to the triumphal stone arches built since the Roman Arch of Titus from the year 82. Likewise, the 1910 Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, Massachusetts was designed specifically after the 14th century Torre Del Mangia in Siena, Italy. Design is not materials, however, as the tower rising on Cape Cod is not Italian brick but made of granite from Maine  - the tallest all-granite structure in the U.S. Monuments to Ideals The St. Louis Gateway Arch is an homage to Westward Expansion. The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a monument to the ideals of freedom and opportunity. Nearby on Roosevelt Island in New York City, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, designed by modernist architect Louis I. Kahn,  is a memorial not only to FDR, but also to his vision of basic human rights. Sometimes we build memorials to remind us of whats important. Why We Need Monuments and Memorials Monuments and memorials ultimately tell stories, the tales important to their human creators. Architecture, including memorials and monuments, is an expressive tool. Design can show prosperity, whimsy, solemnity, or a combination of qualities. But architecture doesnt need to be big and expensive to ensure memory. When we build things, sometimes the purpose is an obvious marker of a life or an event to be remembered. But anything we build can kindle the flames of memory. In the words of John Ruskin (1819-1900): Therefore, when we build, let us think that we build for ever. Let it not be for present delight, nor for present use alone; let it be such work as our descendants will thank us for, and let us think, as we lay stone on stone, that a time is to come when those stones will be held sacred because our hands have touched them, and that men will say as they look upon the labor and wrought substance of them, See! this our fathers did for us. - Section X, The Lamp of Memory, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849 Sources Eva Hagberg, How Architecture Commemorates Tragedy, Metropolis, June 28, 2005, metropolismag.com/uncategorized/how-architecture-commemorates-tragedy/History of the Marine Corps War Memorial, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/gwmp/learn/historyculture/usmcwarmemorial.htm David A. Graham. The Stubborn Persistence of Confederate Monuments, The Atlantic, April 26, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/Civil War Unknown Monument, Arlington National Cemetery, arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Monuments-and-Memorials/Civil-War-Unknowns History of the Holocaust Memorial, Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach, https://holocaustmemorialmiamibeach.org/about/history/Quick Facts, Pilgrim Monument, https://www.pilgrim-monument.org/pilgrim-monument/Additional Photo Credits: USS Arizona National Memorial, MPI/Getty Images (cropped); Atomic Bomb Dome, Craig Pershouse/Getty Images; Pilgrim Monument, haveseen/Getty Images; Torr e del Mangia, Nadya85/Getty Images (cropped)

Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars

Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo... Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Free Essays on The Mis-Education Of American Scholars Several individuals may believe that general education requirements, such as a Literature course, are merely a university’s attempt to prolong a student’s collegiate career and collect additional tuition fees, but what many of them fail to realize is that these courses create a foundation upon which future knowledge will be based and expanded. This groundwork will give students the ability to handle themselves and will enable them to interact with a rapidly growing and diverse population. Without literary courses, students will be debarred of valuable knowledge and tools that will inevitably become vital to their academic growth and future success. Ever questioned as to why most students even those who have attended esteemed colleges or universities seem to be unaware and unintelligible in reference to life or the world around them? It may possibly be because in the impetuous quest of triumphant sports teams, expensive overly proficient facilities, and the obvious influence of money, colleges and universities seem to have forgotten their principal charge: to teach students something about history, literature, mathematics, the natural sciences, foreign language, philosophy and English. Generally speaking, five of these seven topics are closely linked to the subject matter of literature. The reason most scholars fail to leave college with such a base-line education is simple: It is no longer required of them. Concisely, there has been a purging from the curriculum of many of the required basic survey courses, including literature, which previously familiarized students with the historical, cultural, political and scientific foundations of their society. According to the National Association of Scholars President Stephen Balch, America is "in danger of losing the common frame of cultural reference that for many generations has sustained our liberal, democratic society." According to a study by the NAS, the number of top schoo...

Short Story Literary Analysis Paper (thesis) Thesis

Short Story Literary Analysis Paper ( ) - Thesis Example Jack feels â€Å"powerless whenever he has to protect his mother from unhappiness, poverty and violence† (Wolff 1). With the rifle, he feels powerful and authoritative. The dying salmon are symbolic of the move that Jack and Rosemary will make. Jack and Rosemary â€Å"point out the salmon as they swim from the saltwater to freshwater† (Wolff 1). The salmon are dying because they are not used to the new habitat. Rosemary and Jack face a similar situation when they leave their homes. They face the pettiness and cruelty of Dwight (Wolff 1). The beaver killed by Dwight is symbolic of the life that awaits Jack. Dwight killed the beaver while driving back home. Jack is about to become helpless, like the beaver. He will live at the mercy of Dwight. Tobias Wolff’s story, â€Å"That Room† is about a man who sought employment at a farm. In order to outline the theme of racism and tell the story effectively, the author used symbolism. Symbolism is evident in the interactions between Jack and Rosemary, and Jack and Dwight. In most of the scenes, symbolism shows readers that a symbolic event has the potential to change a character’s

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment Assignment

Corporate finance - WACC - Cash Flow - Measuring Return on Investment - discounted cash flow techniques - Financing Decisions - - Assignment Example Accounting earnings are obtained from the income statements prepared in accordance with the applicable accounting standards and frameworks, whereas cash flows are determined as the cash inflows and outflows generated from a certain project. There are some major factors, which constitute the differences between the accounting earnings and cash flows, such as: 1. Operating and Capital Expenditures Operating expenditures are considered as those expenses, which are directly linked with the revenues such as direct material, direct labor, overheads etc. Conversely, capital expenditures are those expenditures, which are incurred by the firm in order to develop the business infrastructure, e.g. purchasing a building, land, equipment etc. Under accounting earnings, operating expenditures are included in arriving at the final net income figure. However, capital expenditures are spread over the useful lives of those assets and then systematically depreciated. Under cash flow estimations, both o perating and capital expenditures are included in order to analyze the overall viability of the project. In short, the mainstream difference between the accounting earnings and cash flows is the exclusion of capital expenditures from the accounting earnings but its inclusion in cash flows. 2. ... However, due to low taxable income, the amount of tax is reduced substantially, which is in fact cash based expenditure. Under cash flow approach, depreciation, amortization and other non-cash expenses are not included, but the tax savings due to such non-cash expenses are included which lead to better cash flows. In short, non-cash expenses in deriving accounting earnings but they are excluded in cash flow approach. However, tax benefits are included as cash inflow in cash flow based approach. 3. Accrual versus Cash conventions Accounting earnings are purely established because of the relevant accounting standards and frameworks, such as GAAP and IFRS. These standards require the firms to draft their financial statements by utilizing accrual basis of accounting. Accrual basis of accounting states that, expenditure should be recognized in the financial statements in the period in which it is incurred, not in the period in which it is paid. Similarly, revenue is recognized in the fina ncial statements in the period in which it is earned, not in the period in which it is received. On the other hand, cash flow approach works on the principle of cash inflows and outflows in the periods in which they are received and paid. Therefore, the major difference between accounting earnings and cash flows is the accrual versus cash based conventions, which lead to material differences between the amounts of returns obtained under both approaches. B. INCREMENTAL VERSUS TOTAL CASH FLOWS In order to analyze the return on investment, another important way to analyze is to look whether the whole firm is benefitted from that piece of investment or not. Obviously, a firm is benefitted from the cash